Featured spineAll spines →
A spine traces the arc of a field — how it arrived at its present position.
Information and meaning
From Shannon information to embeddings
How information shed meaning in 1948 and spent seventy years getting it back.
1948
Shannon
1892-1970
Semantics
1955-1975
Pragmatics
1954-1990
Distributional
2003-2013
Embeddings
2017-2019
Contextual
Today
LLMs
Research threadsAbout the research →
01Evaluation and measurementground truth · instrumentation · validity
02Information and meaningsemantics · embeddings · context
03Affective computingemotion · judgment · machine behavior
04Governancestandards · taxonomies · policy
05Human-AI collaborationoversight · teaming · supervision
WritingAll writing →
Essays, notes, spines, and readings on measurement, meaning, and human oversight of AI systems.